First of all, read atricles on vehicles speed and corners.
http://wiki.openttd.org/wiki/index.php/Cornershttp://wiki.openttd.org/wiki/index.php/Game_mechanics#Vehicle_speedsBuilding
nets, we should try to avoid sharp corners, otherwise it will not be
efficient. In the picture below i will snow hot do to and how not to do.
1) bad way.

2) good way.

Busy
net on length of 256 tiles can handle ~25-30 trains, on length 512 up
to ~50 trains. To make that we need enough signals. I put them each 1
tile, somebody do this each 2 tiles. To change this option go to
'configure patches' => 'construction' => 'when dragging, place
signals each ... tiles'. To put signals along the whole line, build 1
signal, press 'ctrl' and drag it 1 tile along the line.
To avoid
lost trains make sure that service is frequent enough. In the picture
below i show what i do to make trains go properly.

Jams usually occur on bridges/tonnels. In next picture i show common and rather cheap decision with 2x bridges both ways.

This works with tonnels too. After each bridge there's a line enough to contain 1 full train, before - 3 pre-signals.
More
expensive decision, efficient when max train speed is much more than
112 kph is small islands with signals, like in the picture below.

In building crossings avoid 2 things:
1) line of 1 way crosses lines of 2 ways, like in the pictue below. In the same picture i show, how to do better.

2) dont forget about the corners and vehicle speeds.